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Red | country = Italy }} The Extreme ((イタリア語:L'Estrema)), also known as Historical Far-Left ((イタリア語:Estrema Sinistra Storica)), was a parliamentary group and coalition of Radical, Republican, and Socialist politicians in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. Formerly known as the extreme wing of the Historical Left before the unification of Italy, it became a separate group when the latter accepted the leadership of the House of Savoy to build the new Italian State. == History == The Extreme was founded in 1877 by Agostino Bertani and Felice Cavallotti as a radical-liberal party. In 1882 the Radicals formed a "far left" parliamentary group with Andrea Costa, the first Socialist to be elected to the Italian Parliament. The PR supported complete separation of church and state, decentralization toward municipal governments, the United States of Europe according to Carlo Cattaneo's beliefs, progressive taxation, an independent judiciary, free and compulsory education for children, universal suffrage, women's and workers' rights, while opposing capital punishment, as well as any kind of protectionism, nationalism, imperialism and colonialism.〔Francesco Leoni, ''Storia dei partiti politici italiani'', Guida, Naples 2001〕〔Massimo L. Salvadori, ''Enciclopedia storica'', Zanichelli, Bologna 2000〕〔David Busato, ''(Il Partito Radicale in Italia da Mario Pannunzio a Marco Pannella )'', 1996〕 The Extreme was mainly formed by three groups: *the ''Radicals'', which supported democratic ideas, even transitionally accepting the constitutional monarchy if it would allow the universal suffrage; *the ''Republicans'', which claimed the proclamation of an Italian Republic and consequently refused any collaboration with the existing monarchist State; *the ''Socialists'', which saw the universal suffrage and the proclamation of the republic as a first step to a social revolution. The Extreme, supporting the republic and consequently the abrogation of the Albertine Statute, was seen as an anticonstitutional movement.〔La Stampa historical archive〕 Under the oligarchic electoral law of newly unified Italy, there was no possibilities for the Extreme to enter into the Italian Parliament except for some national heroes as Giuseppe Garibaldi and few others.〔(See here (it.) )〕 The electoral reform of 1882 allowed the possibility to form a small opposition parliamentary group, but only after the introduction of the universal suffrage in 1913 the Extreme became the left-wing of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and, more, the winning coalition in many municipal and provincial elections in Northern Italy.〔Including Milan and Bologna〕 The Extreme emerged as an important parliamentary force when the progressive Historical Left, overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called "Parliamentary Revolution" of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightists MPs, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as ''Trasformismo'' (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I.〔(Italian Liberal Party ), Britannica Concise〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Extreme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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